Death With Dignity: How Doctors Die
May/June 2012
http://www.utne.com/mind-body/death-with-dignity-zm0z12mjzros.aspx
By Ken Murray, from “Zócalo Public Square”
Doctors die, too. And they don’t die like the rest of us.
Years ago, Charlie, a highly respected orthopedist and a
mentor of mine, found a lump in his stomach. He had a surgeon explore
the area, and the diagnosis was pancreatic cancer. This surgeon was one
of the best in the country. He had even invented a new procedure that
could triple a patient’s five-year-survival odds—from 5 percent to 15
percent—albeit with a poor quality of life. Charlie was uninterested. He
went home the next day, closed his practice, and never set foot in a
hospital again. He focused on spending time with family and feeling as
good as possible. Several months later, he died at home. He got no
chemotherapy, radiation, or surgical treatment.
It’s not a
frequent topic of discussion, but doctors die, too. And they don’t die
like the rest of us. What’s unusual about them is not how much treatment
they get compared to most Americans, but how little. For all the time
they spend fending off the deaths of others, they tend to be fairly
serene when faced with death themselves. They know exactly what is going
to happen, they know the choices, and they generally have access to any
sort of medical care they could want. But they go gently.
Of
course, doctors don’t want to die. But they know enough about modern
medicine to know its limits. And they know enough about death to know
what all people fear most: dying in pain, and dying alone. They’ve
talked about this with their families. They want to be sure, when the
time comes, that no heroic measures will be taken—that they will never
experience, during their last moments on earth, someone breaking their
ribs in an attempt to resuscitate them with CPR (that’s what happens if
CPR is done right).
Almost all medical professionals have seen
what we call “futile care” being performed on people near the end of
life. The patient will get cut open, perforated with tubes, hooked up to
machines, and assaulted with drugs. All of this occurs in the intensive
care unit at a cost of tens of thousands of dollars a day. What it buys
is misery we would not inflict on a terrorist. I cannot count the
number of times fellow physicians have told me, “Promise me if you find
me like this that you’ll kill me.” They mean it. Some medical personnel
wear medallions stamped “No Code” to tell physicians not to perform CPR
on them. I have even seen it as a tattoo.
To administer medical
care that makes people suffer is anguishing. Physicians are trained to
gather information without revealing their own feelings, but in private,
among fellow doctors, they’ll ask, “How can anyone do that to their
family members?” I suspect it’s one reason physicians have higher rates
of alcohol abuse and depression than professionals in most other fields.
I know it’s one reason I stopped participating in hospital care for the
last 10 years of my practice.
Medical Overtreatment: A Broken System
How
has it come to this—that doctors administer so much care that they
wouldn’t want for themselves? The simple, or not-so-simple, answer is
this: patients, doctors, and the system.
To see how patients play
a role, imagine a scenario in which someone has lost consciousness and
been admitted to an emergency room. As is so often the case, no one has
made a plan for this situation, and scared family members find
themselves caught up in a maze of choices. When doctors ask if they want
“everything” done, they answer yes, often meaning “do everything that’s
reasonable.” The problem is that they may not know what’s reasonable.
For their part, doctors who are told to do “everything” will do it,
whether it is reasonable or not.
This scenario is a common one.
Feeding into the problem are unrealistic expectations of what doctors
can accomplish. Many people think of CPR as a reliable lifesaver when,
in fact, the results are usually poor. If a patient suffers from severe
illness, old age, or a terminal disease, the odds of a good outcome from
CPR are infinitesimal, while the odds of suffering are overwhelming.
Poor knowledge and misguided expectations lead to a lot of bad
decisions.
But of course it’s not just patients making these
things happen. Doctors play an enabling role, too. The trouble is that
even doctors who hate to administer futile care must find a way to
address the wishes of patients and families. Imagine, once again, the
emergency room with those grieving family members. They do not know the
doctor. Establishing trust under such circumstances is a very delicate
thing. People are prepared to think the doctor is acting out of base
motives, trying to save time, or money, or effort, especially if the
doctor is advising against further treatment.
In many ways,
doctors and patients are simply victims of a larger system that
encourages excessive treatment. In some unfortunate cases, doctors use
the fee-for-service model to do everything they can, no matter how
pointless, to make money. More commonly, though, doctors fear litigation
and do whatever they’re asked, with little feedback, to avoid getting
in trouble.
Even when the right preparations have been made, the
system can still swallow people up. One of my patients was a man named
Jack, a 78-year-old who had been ill for years and undergone about 15
major surgical procedures. He explained to me that he never, under any
circumstances, wanted to be placed on life support machines again. One
Saturday, however, Jack suffered a massive stroke and got admitted to
the emergency room unconscious, without his wife. Doctors did everything
possible to resuscitate him and put him on life support in the ICU.
This was Jack’s worst nightmare. When I arrived at the hospital and took
over Jack’s care, I spoke to his wife and to hospital staff about his
care preferences. Then I turned off the life support machines and sat
with him. He died two hours later.
Although he had thoroughly
documented his wishes, Jack hadn’t died as he’d hoped. The system had
intervened. One of the nurses, I later found out, even reported my
actions as a possible homicide. Nothing came of it, of course; Jack’s
wishes had been spelled out explicitly, and he’d left the paperwork to
prove it. But the prospect of a police investigation is terrifying for
any physician. I could far more easily have left Jack on life support,
prolonging his life, and his suffering, a few more weeks. I would even
have made a little more money, and Medicare would have ended up with an
additional $500,000 bill. It’s no wonder many doctors err on the side of
overtreatment.
But doctors still don’t overtreat themselves.
Almost anyone can find a way to die in peace at home, and pain can be
managed better than ever. Hospice care, which focuses on providing
terminally ill patients with comfort and dignity, provides most people
with much better final days. Amazingly, studies have found that people
placed in hospice care often live longer than people seeking active
cures.
Death With Dignity
Several years ago, my older
cousin Torch (born at home by the light of a flashlight, or torch) had a
seizure that turned out to be the result of lung cancer that had gone
to his brain. I arranged for him to see various specialists, and we
learned that with aggressive treatment, including three to five
chemo-therapy sessions a week, he would live perhaps four months.
Ultimately, Torch decided against any treatment and simply took pills
for brain swelling. He moved in with me.
We spent the next eight
months doing a bunch of things that he enjoyed, having fun together like
we hadn’t in decades. We went to Disneyland, his first time. We’d hang
out at home. Torch was a sports nut, and he was very happy to watch
games and eat my cooking. He even gained a bit of weight, eating his
favorite foods rather than hospital meals. He had no serious pain, and
he remained high-spirited. One day, he didn’t wake up. He spent the next
three days in a comalike sleep and then died. The cost of his medical
care for those eight months, for the one drug he was taking, was about
$20.
Torch was no doctor, but he knew he wanted a life of
quality, not just quantity. Don’t most of us? If there is a state of the
art of end-of-life care, it is this: death with dignity. As for me, my
physician has my choices. They were easy to make, as they are for most
physicians. There will be no heroics, and I will go gentle into that
good night. Like my mentor Charlie. Like my cousin Torch. Like my fellow
doctors.
Ken Murray is clinical assistant professor of family medicine at the University of Southern California. Excerpted from Zócalo Public Square (November 30, 2011), a project of the Center for Social Cohesion.
